Prevalence of Modifiable Risk Factors of Low Bone Density among Adults in an Urban Area of Tamil Nadu

Abstract

Introduction: Low bone density (LBD) is a major public health problem that has enormous health-related, social and economic consequences. With increasing life expectancy, LBD is also expected to increase. LBD has both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors and prevention of the modifiable risk factors will help in attaining optimal peak bone mass by younger populations and improving bone health in older populations. Objective: The study was done to assess the prevalence of modifiable risk factors of low bone density adults in an urban area of Tamil Nadu and its association with low bone density among the study population. Methodology: It was a community based cross-sectional study among 405 adults in Nanganallur, Chennai. The modifiable risk factors were assessed using a pre-tested semi structured questionnaire and LBD was measured by T-score using Quantitative Ultrasound (QUS). Results: Dietary risk factors like inadequate milk (<300ml), ragi (<once/week) and fish (<once/week) intake were seen in 54%, 55.3% and 56.7% of the population.  Caffeine intake was seen among 46.6%. Physical activity was inadequate (aerobic exercises of 30 minutes < 5 times/week) in 93.3% of the population and 21.2% were not getting adequate sun exposure (<15 minutes/ day). Smoking and alcohol intake was seen among 21.2% and 32.8% of the males. Body mass index had significant positive correlation with T-score (r= 0.152, p=0.002). Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of modifiable risk factors for low bone density among the population which is easily amenable to correction. Awareness must be promoted among the community on habits which will prevent bone loss and build bone density.